The top diagram from NostalgiaAir is for Silvertone model E which you say you have. On some of those early diagrams they did not show the circle of the tube envelope around the filament/grid/plate. This makes it hard for us "modern" folks to read sometimes.
Looking at the underchassis view of all of these 4-pin triodes, with the large pins at the bottom, first large pin on the left is number one. Going around the circle clockwise you have 2, 3, and finally No. 4, the other large pin. The large pins are the filament. No. 2 is the plate, and No. 3 is the grid. On No. 2 on the detector you should be getting 40-43 volts or so.
Looking at the schematic again, IF your radio is wired that way, I now see that unless C batteries are connected, the grids of the audio tubes are left floating and the radio could not work. Try this: connect three AA cells in series. You can either use a cell holder or solder short leads onto the cells to connect them. Connect as shown to the radio. You'll have 3 volts negative for the first two audio tubes, and 4.5 volts negative for the output tube.
Edit: cannot tell where in the circuit that funky resistor is connected. Can you point it out on the diagram??
