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The capacitors that are involved in the power supply itself, replacing the caps in the video circuit have nothing to do with the power supply itself. Those would be the likes of C558, C805, C502, C307, C203, C564, C1603 & 1604 for starters.
I know that flux smells bad, been burning that stuff since the late 70's myself so I know where you're coming from but when you described having to hit the set and things started working that was the first clue to intermittent connections. The gradual shift to bright then loss of H-sync points to either a thermal issue that might be taking down a power supply line or a bad capacitor that's hogging current. You found that bad one over in the horizontal and while the 80's didn't have the "capacitorgate" they're still prone to failure due to their wet internal construction. Just the nature of them.
If the smell of the flux is that offensive it can be washed off using either acetone or isopropyl alcohol however the main board should be removed as these will damage the cabinet plastics.
Learning electronics isn't easy, after 45 years I'm still learning and getting off the ground can be really tough when you're dealing with a tough dog. Test equipment is essential but sometimes the best tool is the experienced gained over the years, best advice I can offer is to take it slow, read & study the schematics and stick with it. I started swapping tubes in old B&W sets when I was in the 3rd grade when Carter was in office. You will get there, problems are only opportunities in work clothes that are designed to bring you up to the next level. You CAN do it.
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